Continuing professional development - challenge for professional organization

Professions, as one of key sectors of social systems, bear a leading role in the existing social work organization. Free professions take up a special place and significance, all the way from Roman artes liberales to our times. Pharmaceutical profession, as one of the oldest, led by ethical principles, is regulated by postulates accepted by the profession members, and in modern times established through legislations. Typical determinants of the regulated professions, which also refer to pharmacists, as chamber members, are as follows: following ethical principles, specific skills and knowledge, professional development, autonomy at work, continuing improvement, competencies development, professional associations, licensing

Implikacije oplemenjivanja biljaka u proizvodnji hrane

Food production is based on scientific developments and their application depending on environmental factors and economic development. An important role in crop production of food varieties and hybrids have been created in the breeding of crops such care by applying optimal growing in specific environmental conditions. Created by breeding new varieties and hybrids that are higher yield several times since the old selection and natural populations which plays a major role in food security. The need for food security imposed new approaches in breeding based on the manipulation of gene recombinant DNA. By using biotechnological methods, genetically modified plants, the incorporation of desirable genes from evolutionarily distant species. The occurrence of adverse effects of GM foods, a high degree of pollution of the biosphere and significant climate changes imposed by the need to produce safe food. Thus, the developing trend of organic production, characterized by low yields and control of product safety. Conventional breeding, its development and achievements impose new approaches in creating, producing varieties and their (organic farming and genetically modified food). GM varieties have higher yields several times of the varieties that are created in conventional breeding, greater resistance to stress and better qualityProizvodnja hrane se bazira na naučnim dostignućima i njihovoj primeni u zavisnosti od ekoloških faktora i ekonomske razvijenosti. Značajnu ulogu u biljnoj proizvodnji hrane imaju sorte i hibridi stvoreni oplemenjivanjem i nega useva sa optimalnom tehnologijom gajenja u konkretnim ekološkim uslovima. Oplemenjivanjem su stvorene nove sorte i hibridi koji su nekoliko puta prinosniji od starih selekcija i prirodnih populacija što ima veliku ulogu u obezbedjivanju hrane. Potreba za obezbeđenjem hrane nametnula je nove pristupe u oplemenjivanju na bazi manipulacije genа rekombinantne DNK. Korišćenjem biotehnoloških metoda stvorene su genetički modifikovane biljke, koje su nastale inkorporacijom poželjnog gena iz evolutivno udaljene vrste. Pojava neželjenih efekata od GM hrane, visok stepen zagadjenosti biosfere i znatne klimatske promene, nametnule su potrebu proizvodnje bezbedne hrane. Tako se razvija trend organske proizvodnje, koju karakteriše nizak prinos i kontrola bezbednnosti proizvoda. Konvencionalno oplemenjivanje, je svojim razvojem i dostignućima nametnulo nove pristupe u stvaranju sorti i njihovoj proizvodji (organska proizvodnja i genetički modifikovana hrana). GM sorte imaju veći prinos nekoliko puta od sorti koje su stvorene u konvencionalnom oplemenjivanju, veću otpornost na stresne uslove i bolji kvalitet

Ixodes ricinus as vector and reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi in an urban environment

As specific arthropods, ticks in urban environments transmit the agents of dangerous contagious diseases endangering human and animal health. They are vectors of numerous infective agents that cause serious diseases of animals such as babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Tick populations maintain and transmit an increas­ing number of different infective agents. In regard to the human population, they transmit the agents of tick encephalitis, Omsk hemorrhagic disease, Crim-Congo hemorrhagic disease, Kyasa-nur forest fever, ixodid fever, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, Siberian tick typhus and Lyme disease the last of which according to acarological references has become the dominant zoonosis in over 140 of the world's countries. In urban environments ticks represent problem both for their epidemiological significance and as organisms whose presence disturbs people during their work and rest. In Europe, the two most fre­quent species and Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus. Both species have a wide spectrum of hosts

The performance of food safety management systems in the raspberries chain

The Food Safety Management System - Diagnostic Instrument (FSMS-DI) was used to determine context factors, core control and assurance activities, as well as food safety outputs for three Global G.A.P. certified and six Non Global G.A.P. certified orchard raspberries farms, and eight cold stores (all of them having certified FSMS systems, often in combination with BRC, IFS and/or FSSC 22000 standards). Examined orchard farms operate at moderate to high-risk context. High risk is mainly related to the microbiological and pesticides contamination of raspberries and open cultivation system, which can provoke additional contaminations (e.g. bird droppings). However they differed in chain and organizational characteristics. Non Global G.A.P. certified orchard farms were mainly characterised by low to basic performance of the FSMS combined with low food safety outputs, while in Global G.A.P. orchard farms moderate performance of FSMS resulted in moderate to advanced food safety outputs. Cold store companies represent the subsequent link in the raspberries chain, with the raw material food safety risks directly connected with the orchard farms final product. This is related to the production process of frozen raspberries without any physical or chemical intervention step which might reduce the level of potentially present microorganisms or chemicals in raspberries. The core control and assurance activities in the FSMS present in the cold stores are mainly at medium to high level, resulting in medium to advance food safety outputs

Size-Dependent Effects of Gold Nanoparticles Uptake on Maturation and Antitumor Functions of Human Dendritic Cells In Vitro

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are claimed as outstanding biomedical tools for cancer diagnostics and photo-thermal therapy, but without enough evidence on their potentially adverse immunological effects. Using a model of human dendritic cells (DCs), we showed that 10 nm- and 50 nm-sized GNPs (GNP10 and GNP50, respectively) were internalized predominantly via dynamin-dependent mechanisms, and they both impaired LPS-induced maturation and allostimulatory capacity of DCs, although the effect of GNP10 was more prominent. However, GNP10 inhibited LPS-induced production of IL-12p70 by DCs, and potentiated their Th2 polarization capacity, while GNP50 promoted Th17 polarization. Such effects of GNP10 correlated with a stronger inhibition of LPS-induced changes in Ca2+ oscillations, their higher number per DC, and more frequent extra-endosomal localization, as judged by live-cell imaging, proton, and electron microscopy, respectively. Even when released from heat-killed necrotic HEp-2 cells, GNP10 inhibited the necrotic tumor cell-induced maturation and functions of DCs, potentiated their Th2/Th17 polarization capacity, and thus, impaired the DCs' capacity to induce T cell-mediated anti-tumor cytotoxicity in vitro. Therefore, GNP10 could potentially induce more adverse DC-mediated immunological effects, compared to GNP50